The Joint Academic Subject Coding system (JACS) is used by UK institutions to identify the subject matter of programmes and modules. These institutions include the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS), the Home Office and the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). JACS codes do not indicate the level of study, as the same codes may be used for undergraduate, postgraduate, research programmes, and continuing education. Codes are formed from a letter and three digits: the letter indicates the subject area; the numbers indicate the topics within the main subject area. This Zthes representation was created by the Vocabulary Management Group (www.vocman.com) JACS subject coding 1.7 HESA The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in adults. Academic studies in Adult Education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve group learning ability and efficiency. Academic studies in Education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people of all ages. Academic studies in Education (across phases) Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Academic studies in Education categories. To be used sparingly. Academic studies in Education not elsewhere classified The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people in education years 12 to 13 inclusive. Academic studies in Further Education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people in higher education. Academic studies in Higher Education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in pre-school children. Academic studies in Nursery Education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in children in school years 1 to 6 inclusive. Academic studies in Primary Education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in children in school years 7 to 11 inclusive. Academic studies in Secondary Education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people with particular learning requirements. Academic studies in Specialist Education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people above school year 11. Academic studies in Tertiary Education The application of the rules, standards and methods of financial accounting within organisations. Accountancy The study of the rules, standards and methods of financial accounting within organisations. Accounting Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Accounting categories. To be used sparingly. Accounting not elsewhere classified The study of the theoretical basis of accounting practice. Accounting Theory The study of the propagation and transmission of sound waves. Acoustics The study of sound and sound waves. Acoustics The study of oscillation and resonance. Acoustics and Vibration The study of/training in the communication of dramatic information, ideas, moods, and feelings through the achievement of naturalistic and believable behaviour in imaginary circumstances. Acting The application of statistical concepts within the financial industry. Actuarial Science The method of treating various conditions by pricking the skin or tissues with needles. Acupuncture The vocational study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to provide care for adults. Adult Nursing The study of promotional displays, whether presented orally or visually, in order to sell items and services or to publicise events. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the production of the artwork and ideas themselves. Advertising The study of the flow properties of gases, especially the forces acting on a body passing through air, and the interaction of the body's deformation with the flow. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Aerodynamics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of aircraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Aeronautical Engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to aircraft and spacecraft in the atmosphere and in space. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Aerospace Engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Aerospace Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Aerospace Engineering not elsewhere classified Historical studies of continental Africa. African History The study of African languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. African Language studies The study of African literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. African Literature studies The study of African societies and cultures. African Society and Culture studies The study of the acquisition of African languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of African culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. African studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other African studies categories. To be used sparingly. African studies not elsewhere classified The scientific study of the chemical compounds and reactions occurring in the cells and molecules of living organisms with particular emphasis on their use in or effect on agricultural processes. Involves aspects of cellular organisation and specialisation and how the structure and function of DNA, RNA, proteins, enzymes and membranes determine biological processes. Agricultural Biochemistry A scientific study of living organisms, both animal and vegetable with particular emphasis on their use in or effect on agricultural processes. Agricultural Biology The particular study of plants cultivated as a crop. Includes their classification, structure, physiology, ecology and economic importance. Agricultural Botany The particular study of how individual atoms and molecules react together naturally and/or synthetically to affect agricultural processes. Agricultural Chemistry The study of the application of economic principles and analytical techniques in the area of agriculture. Agricultural Economics The study of agricultural influences on populations and the environment. Agricultural Geography The study of the control of water by means of artificial canals and ditches, mechanical pumps, weather stations, etc. Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage The study of the use and maintenance of agricultural machinery. Includes the study of tractors, hedge clippers, milking machines, etc. Agricultural Machinery The scientific study of micro-organisms encompassing major components of genetics and molecular biology, with particular emphasis on their use in or effect on agricultural processes. Includes bacteriology, virology, cell structure and function and may include some immunology. Agricultural Microbiology The study of diseases in crops and the animals and insects which attack them, with the object of preventing such disease or attack. Agricultural Pests and Diseases The specifically scientific study of aspects of agriculture, excluding wider non-laboratory based agricultural subjects such as economics, business management and land-use. Agricultural Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Agricultural Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Agricultural Sciences not elsewhere classified The study of practical or mechanical sciences connected with agriculture as they apply to increased efficiency, economy and crop production. Agricultural Technology The scientific study of all agriculture-related aspects of animal biology. Includes their reproduction, development, physiology, behaviour, diseases and interactions with their environment. Agricultural Zoology The study of farming and husbandry, conservation, rural business studies and related applied sciences. Includes study and practical experience of cultivating land and rearing crops and livestock. May also include some aspects of rural recreation. Agriculture Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Agriculture categories. To be used sparingly. Agriculture not elsewhere classified The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of combat aircraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Air-Combat Engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of freight-carrying aircraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Air-Freight Transport Engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of passenger-carrying aircraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Air-Passenger Transport Engineering The study of the organisation and management of air transport systems. Air Travel The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the East Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language used in central Mesopotamia. Akkadian Methods of diagnosis and treatment considered outside the scope of mainstream medicine in the UK. Alternative Medicine The study of plants grown for their appearance. Amenity Plant Production Historical studies of the Americas. American History The study of American languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. American Language studies The study of American literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. American Literature studies The study of American societies and cultures. American Society and Culture studies The study of the acquisition of American languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of American culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. American studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other American studies categories. American studies not elsewhere classified The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to voltages or currents used to measure or represent quantities. Analogue Circuit Engineering The study of chemical and instrumental analysis. Analytical Chemistry Political doctrine that advocates the abolition of central authority so that a more natural social order can develop. Anarchism The scientific study of the structure and function of the human body, including tissues, organs and systems. Anatomy The study of the human body and how it is affected by disease. Taught by the dissection of cadavers, use of microscope slides and interviewing patients. Includes study at a cellular level. Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology categories. To be used sparingly. Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology not elsewhere classified The study of ancient Celtic culture and its literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Involves language study and/or comparison between languages. Ancient Celtic studies The study of the structure, semantics, cultural significance and hieroglyphics of ancient Egyptian. Ancient Egyptian Historical studies of the period, including classical history, between c.C7th BC to c.C1st AD. Ancient History The study of ancient languages, their structure and semantics. May involve investigation into their linguistic, social and/or religious significance and their position as the basis for modern languages. Ancient Language studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Ancient Language categories. To be used sparingly. Ancient Language studies not elsewhere classified The study of the physical structure of an animal, how each part works and is related. Studies include dissection and use of microscope slides. Animal Anatomy The study of animal diseases with the object of prevention or diagnosis and cure. Animal Health The study of the process of assimilating nutrient materials into animal tissue. Animal Nutrition The study of the effect of disease and/or damage to the animal frame. Studies include dissection and use of microscope slides. Animal Pathology The study of drugs, their characteristics, actions, uses and effects on different animals. Animal Pharmacology The study of the preparation and dispensing of animal-related drugs. Involves an understanding of the food-chain and its interaction with human beings. Animal Pharmacy The study of systemic function and behaviour of the animal frame, including processes such as respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, and reproduction. Animal Physiology The scientific study of animals, their nutrition, treatment and care. Includes the study of animals diseases and their cure. May include veterinary nursing. Also may include the study of drugs, their characteristics, actions and uses. Animal Science The study of poisons, their nature, effect on different animals and possible antidotes. Animal Toxicology The study of the health, contentment and well-being of animals, how such contentment should be maintained and the laws concerning animal housing and provision. Animal Welfare The study of/training in the particular techniques associated with the creation of the illusion of movement in a video sequence, by the filming of successive drawings or the positions of puppets. Animation Techniques The study of human beings, their antecedents and related primates, and their cultural behaviour and institutions, in comparative perspective. Anthropology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Anthropology categories. To be used sparingly. Anthropology not elsewhere classified Topics in Other Biological Sciences of commercial or social importance. Applied Biological Sciences Topics in Biology of commercial or social importance. Applied Biology Topics in Botany of commercial or social importance. Applied Botany Topics in Cell Biology of commercial or social importance. Applied Cell Biology Topics in chemistry of commercial or social importance. Applied Chemistry The study of the application of economic principles and analytical techniques to the study of particular industries, activities or the exploitation of particular resources. Applied Economics Topics in Environmental Sciences of industrial or commercial importance. Applied Environmental Sciences Topics in genetics of commercial or social importance, e.g. in animal and plant breeding. Applied Genetics Topics in geology of commercial or social importance. Applied Geology The investigation of the acquisition of language and how to improve it. Includes study of language impairment and how to remedy it. Also includes Language Pathology. Applied Linguistics The application of mathematical principles to the solution of functional area problems. Applied Mathematics Topics in metallurgy of commercial or social importance. Applied Metallurgy Topics in microbiology of commercial or social importance. Applied Microbiology Topics in Molecular Biology, Biophysics and Biochemistry of commercial or social importance. Applied Molecular Biology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Topics in physics of commercial or social importance. Applied Physics The effect of human factors in psychological processes. Applied Psychology The study of the application of sociological principles and techniques to particular social institutions or types of social relationship. Applied Sociology The application of statistical techniques to functional areas. Applied Statistics Zoological topics of commercial or social importance e.g. animal disease and eradication. Applied Zoology The study of the cultivation of water resources, both plant and animal, for human consumption or use. Aquaculture The study of the most efficient way to grow crops on a large scale, including those borne on trees, for food. Arable and Fruit Farming The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the ancient language of the Middle-East. Aramaic Methods of preserving artefacts from excavations for retrieval and analysis of archaeological information. Archaeological conservation Scientific analysis of the material remains of past cultures. Includes an approach to reconstruct and understand the past. Archaeological Science Methods of surveying, field archaeology and palaeography. Archaeological techniques The study of human prehistory, development of early societies and the emergence of civilisation. Includes socio-historical analysis of the material remains from excavations of past cultures to reconstruct and understand the past. Archaeology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in Archaeology categories. To be used sparingly. Archaeology not elsewhere classified Design of buildings for human activity, taking into account both internal and external environmental factors. Architectural Design Theory The theory and practice of advanced techniques and new materials in architectural design and construction. Architectural Technology The study of the design, construction and erection of structures. Combines design creativitiy with technical competence. Architecture Architecture, Building and Planning Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Architecture, Building and Planning categories. To be used sparingly. Architecture, Building and Planning not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Architecture categories. To be used sparingly. Architecture not elsewhere classified The study of the professional administration of archive resources and services. Includes the collecting and cataloguing of information. Archive studies The use of plant extracts and essential oils in massage. Aromatherapy The study of principles and techniques for the computer-based simulation and modelling of intelligent animal behaviour patterns. Artificial Intelligence Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Artificial Intelligence categories. To be used sparingly. Artificial Intelligence not elsewhere classified Historical studies of Continental Asia. Asian History Includes study of the Bhagavad-Gita, Tripitaka, Vedic, Taoist and Confucian texts. Asian religious texts The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of spacecraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Astronautical Engineering The specifically scientific study of celestial bodies. Includes mathematics, statistics, physics, photography and computing. Astronomy Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Astronomy categories. To be used sparingly. Astronomy not elsewhere classified The study of the physical nature of the universe including cosmology and astronomical techniques. Astrophysics The study of the Earth's upper atmosphere. Atmospheric Physics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial use and development of atoms and atomic energy. Atomic Engineering The study of the anatomy and physiology of the human hearing organs, their function and malfunction, and related environmental and behavioural topics. Audiology The study of the systems and processes used in the manipulation and amplification of sound. Includes the recording of sound and/or music. Audio Technology The typing of documents from a spoken source. Audio Typing The specific techniques involved in auditing financial accounts. Auditing of Accounts The study of speech and hearing and problems that can occur with them. Includes the treatment of hearing defects and speech impediments. Aural and Oral Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Aural and Oral Science categories. To be used sparingly. Aural and Oral Sciences not elsewhere classified Historical studies of the continent of Australasia. Australasian History The study of Australasian and South West Pacific languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Australasian Language studies The study of Australasian and South West Pacific literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Australasian Literature studies The study of Australasian and South West Pacific societies and culture. Australasian Society and Culture studies The study of the acquisition of Australasian and South West Pacific languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Australasian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Australasian studies Miscellaneous grouping for related studies which do not fit into the other Australasian studies categories. To be used sparingly. Australasian studies not elsewhere classified Historical studies of Australia. Australian History The system of government that embodies the rule of an individual with unrestricted authority. Autocracy The study and development of the use of computers with particular application to engineering development and design. Includes aspects of software design and programming skills. Automated Engineering Design The study and development of techniques whereby machines may draw conclusions from facts and experience. Automated Reasoning The study of mechanical self propulsion in vehicles. Automotive Engineering The study of the technical aspects of flying and navigation. Aviation studies The study of electronics as applied to aeronautics and astronautics. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Avionics The study of bacteria and bacterial diseases. Bacteriology The study of the banking industry. Banking The craft of constructing containers from interwoven cane or reeds. Basketry The study of biological factors of behaviour. Behavioural Biology The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial production of organic chemical compounds such as proteins and enzymes. Biochemical Engineering Concentrates on the design and development of different species and their interrelationships. Biodiversity The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design and manufacture of aids, such as artificial limbs, to rectify defective body functions. Bioengineering The study of the geographical distribution of flora and fauna. Biogeography The study of the molecules and compounds that make up cells and organisms; how they are formed and how they interact. Includes the study of Molecular Biology. Biological Chemistry Biological Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Biological (or Life) Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified A broadly based scientific study of living organisms, both animal and vegetable. Includes their structure, functions, evolution, distribution and interrelationships. Biology Miscellaneous grouping which do not fit into the other Biology categories. To be used sparingly. Biology not elsewhere classified The study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement and structure of the human body. Also the design and construction of artificial materials and devices for the purpose of regulating/replacing human tissues, organs or limbs. Biomechanics, Biomaterials and Prosthetics (non-clinical) Concerned with the quantitative techniques and measurement in the biological Sciences. Biometry The chemical science of biological materials at the molecular level. Biomolecular Chemistry The study of the molecular processes in the life sciences. Biomolecular Science The study of natural organic compounds. Bio-organic Chemistry The use of the methods of physical science in the biological sciences. Biophysical Science The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to biological processes in industry. Bioprocess Engineering The molecular and microbial bio-organisms for processes such as fermentation and enzyme technology. Biotechnology The craft of creating artefacts from iron. Blacksmithing The study of the human body in relation to its capabilities in generating artistic forms in dance. Body Awareness The craft of constructing decorative and ornate bindings for hand-printed books. Bookbinding The techniques involved in recording financial information within organisations. Book-keeping The study of plants including their classification, structure, physiology, ecology and economic importance. Includes the importance of plants for a balanced ecosystem including the process of energy fixation and conversion in to the biosphere (and thus with food and fuel). May also be called Plant Science. Botany Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Botany categories. To be used sparingly. Botany not elsewhere classified The study of the history, grammar and use of the language of Brittany. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Breton The study of literature originally written in Breton. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Breton Literature Historical studies focusing on the British Isles. British History The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the equipment required to transmit audio or video information for radio and/or television programmes. Broadcast Engineering The archaeology of the period of human culture characterised by the making and use of bronze implements and artefacts, c. 4500BC - 500BC. Bronze Age The study of the southern group of Celtic languages, consisting of Welsh, Cornish and Breton. Involves study and comparison of literature and languages. May also be called Brittonic. Brythonic group of languages The theory and practice of Buddhist religious tradition. Buddhism The study of building materials and techniques. Includes building and environment law and economics, architectural engineering and quantity surveying. Building Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Building categories. Building not elsewhere classified The analysis of a building's performance from design and construction, through to maintenance and repair. Building Surveying The understanding of building design and its relationship with production. Building Technology Business and Administrative studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Business and Administrative categories. To be used sparingly. Business and Administrative studies not elsewhere classified The study of the definition and application of business and commercial law. Business and Commercial Law The study of organisations and the environment in which they operate. Business studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Business studies categories. To be used sparingly. Business studies not elsewhere classified Historical studies of the period between c.C1st AD to c.C7th AD. Byzantine History The craft of creating items of wooden furniture. Cabinet making The study of/training in the artistic construction of hand-written text. Calligraphy Historical studies of Canada. Canadian History The study of the economic system which is based upon the private ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange. Capitalism The study of techniques aimed at diagnosing disorders of the human cardiovascular system. Cardiography The study of the provision of support services aimed at helping people to make informed and rational career decisions. Careers Guidance The craft of laying-out, fabricating, erecting, installing and repairing wooden structures and fixtures. Carpentry/Joinery The preparation and production of maps and/or charts. Cartography Concerned with the organisation of the cell, cell membrane and cell communication. Cell Biology The study of the effects and nature of diseases in cellular structures. Cellular Pathology Concerned with the cellular organisation and function in animals. Cell Zoology The study of Celtic culture and its literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Involves language study and/or comparison between languages. Celtic studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Celtic studies categories. To be used sparingly. Celtic studies not elsewhere classified Historical studies of Central and Equatorial Africa. Central African History Historical studies of Central America. Central American History The study of the principles of minerals technology as they apply to ceramics. Stresses the use of the raw material rather than how it is extracted. Ceramics The study of the principles of minerals technology as they apply to clay and clay-based products. Stresses the use of the raw material rather than how it is extracted. Ceramics and Glasses Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Ceramics and Glass categories. To be used sparingly. Ceramics and Glasses not elsewhere classified The study of/training in the design of ceramic artefacts. Ceramics Design The study of the properties of cereal and grains. Includes the application of food sciences to cereal-inclusive food systems. Cereal Science The specific techniques involved in the planning and management of change within an organisation. Change Management The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the industrial use and exploitation of chemical and atomic energy. Chemical, Process and Energy Engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Chemical, Process and Energy Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Chemical, Process and Energy Engineering not elsewhere classified The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial processing to produce food, pharmaceuticals, plastics, petroleum products etc., and alternatives to them. Chemical Engineering Concerned with central area of physical science, integrating chemistry and physics. Chemical Physics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial processes, particularly continuous ones, such as the production of petrochemicals. Chemical Process Engineering The study of individual atoms and molecules and the way they react together naturally and synthetically. Chemistry Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Chemistry categories. To be used sparingly. Chemistry not elsewhere classified The study of Social Work services aimed at support of vulnerable/under-privileged children in society. Child Care The range of medical techniques with roots in China, such as moxibustion, massage, cupping, gwa sha, breath work (Qi Gong) and exercise (Tai Chi). Chinese Historical studies of China. Chinese History The study of Chinese languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Chinese Language Studies The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the Chinese-speaking peoples. Chinese Linguistics The study of Chinese literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Chinese Literature Studies The study of Chinese society and culture. Chinese Society and Culture studies The study of Chinese languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Chinese culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Chinese studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Chinese studies categories. To be used sparingly. Chinese studies not elsewhere classified The treatment of the feet, and their ailments. Also called Podiatry. Chiropody The diagnosis and manipulative treatment of mechanical disorders of the joints. Chiropractic The study of/training in the arrangement and planning of staged dance. Choreography The theory and practice of Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox and other Christian denominations. Christian studies The study of the history and grammar of ecclesiastical Latin and how it differs from standard Latin. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Church Latin The study of all aspects of film making. Cinematics and Photography Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Cinematics and Photography categories. To be used sparingly. Cinematics and Photography not elsewhere classified The study of the purely artistic elements of moving image sequences. Cinematography The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the designing and construction of public works, e.g. buildings, bridges, pipelines etc. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Civil Engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Civil Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Civil Engineering not elsewhere classified The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of classical Arabic. Classical Arabic The study of the history, grammar and use of ecclesiastical Classical Greek and how it differs from standard Classical Greek. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Classical Church Greek The study of the history, grammar and use of Classical Greek. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Classical Greek Language The study of literature originally written in Classical Greek. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Classical Greek Literature The study of literature originally written in Classical Greek and translated into English. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Classical Greek Literature in Translation The study of Classical Greek, its structure, history, grammar and use. May involve investigation into its relationship with modern day speech and language. May also involve the study of language texts using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Classical Greek studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Classical Greek studies categories. To be used sparingly. Classical Greek studies not elsewhere classified Study of the civilisation of Ancient Greece and Rome. May involve investigation into their relationship with modern day civilisation. Classical studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Classical studies categories. To be used sparingly. Classical studies not elsewhere classified The study of all crafts which involve the use of clay, stone and related materials. Clay and Stone Crafts The study of secular weather conditions and climates. Climatology The observation, diagnosis and treatment of disease or damage to teeth and gums through direct interaction with human patients. Clinical Dentistry The observation, diagnosis and treatment of an illness or disease through direct interaction with human patients. Clinical Medicine The study of psychological disorder. Clinical Psychology The observation, diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease or damage to the teeth and gums through direct interaction with non-human patients. Clinical Veterinary Dentistry The observation, diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease or damage through direct interaction with non-human patients. Clinical Veterinary Medicine The observation, diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease or damage through direct interaction with non-human patients. Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Clinical Veterinary Medicine & Dentistry categories. To be used sparingly. Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified The craft of creating chronometers. Clock/Watchmaking The study of/training in the design and use of textiles and other materials to create items of apparel. Clothing/Fashion Design The study of the methods and processes used in the production of clothing. Clothing Production The study and principles of engineering as they apply to coastal and off-shore structures and the prevention of damage, decay and erosion to the natural environment. Includes the study and application of specialist mathematics. Coastal Decay The study and development of the processes involved in acquiring knowledge. Cognitive Modelling The scientific study of the mechanisms and processes associated with perception, learning, memory and thinking. Cognitive Psychology The study of the system based upon the principle of ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange by the state, or the people. Collectivism The chemical science of dyes and pigments. Colour Chemistry The making and adaptation of clothing to specific measurements. Commercial Tailoring The study of the structures, functions and theories of politics within the Commonwealth. Commonwealth Politics The study and principles of engineering as they apply to electronic engineering. Communications Engineering The study of forestry used for recreation. Includes study of formal and informal recreational uses, erosion and damage to habitat from over or inappropriate use, and the techniques to prevent, cure and minimise such damage. Community Forestry The study of principles and techniques for the provision of care for the sick, disabled and infirm within a community. Community Nursing The study of Social Work services aimed at support of vulnerable/under-privileged people within particular communities in society. Community Work The study of different legal structures and systems. Comparative Law The study of the writers, literatures and literary history of various countries and languages using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Comparative Literary studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Comparative Literary studies categories. To be used sparingly. Comparative Literary studies not elsewhere classified The comparative study of differing political structures, political functions and political theories. Comparative Politics The comparative study of different religious beliefs, customs and observations. Comparative Religious studies Critical interpretation, comparison and analysis of religious texts. Comparative religious texts The prevention, alleviation and treatment of illness or disease by techniques not covered within clinical medicine. Includes such areas as acupuncture, osteopathy, reflexology etc. Complementary Medicine Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects not elsewhere classified. To be used sparingly. Complementary Medicine not elsewhere classified Numerical and quantitative methods in physics. Computational Physics The study of the fundamental laws or principles underpinning the design, construction and use of computer systems. Computational Science Foundations The study and development of the use of computers with particular application to engineering problems. Includes aspects of software design and programming skills. Computer-Aided Engineering The study of the systemic structure of computer systems. Computer Architectures The study of the systemic structure of computer systems and the associated software which facilitates the efficient co-ordination and use of the component units. Computer Architectures & Operating Systems The study of the design and application of electronic computer systems, including computer architectures, software and systems design. Computer Science The study and development of digital image perception. Computer Vision Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Computing Science categories. To be used sparingly. Computing Science not elsewhere classified The repair and restoration of old or damaged buildings. Conservation of Buildings Political doctrine that emphasises the need for ordered control of society through the organisation of the state and the upholding of existing traditions and values. Conservatism The implementation of construction projects to the client's specification from inception to completion. Construction Management The study of the law of contracts. Contract Law The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the manipulation of tools by visible electromagnetic radiation. Control by light systems The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to electrical and electronic methods of measurement, regulation and operation. Control Systems The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the Afro-Asiatic language descended from ancient Egyptian and surviving in the Coptic church. Coptic The study of the history, grammar and use of Cornish. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Cornish The study of literature originally written in Cornish. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Cornish Literature The study of the way an organisation is perceived by its members and the public. Includes the impact of promotional displays in order subliminally to recall a particular company or product. Corporate Image The study and control of the corrosion of metals. Corrosion Technology The application cost and management accounting techniques within organisations. Cost and Management Accountancy The study of the provision of support services aimed at helping people to maintain a healthy and positive mental disposition in addressing problems. Counselling The study of the use of a variety of materials individually and in combination to create pleasing and useful items. Includes a high proportion of practical work. Crafts Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Crafts categories. To be used sparingly. Crafts not elsewhere classified Creative Arts and Design Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Creative Arts and Design categories. To be used sparingly. Creative Arts and Design not elsewhere classified Techniques for creative problem solving and the management of creativity in others. Creative Management The study of the definition and application of criminal law. Criminal Law The study of principles and techniques for care of critically ill patients. Critical Care Nursing The study of the process of assimilating nutrient materials into crop tissue with the aim of understanding and providing the correct nutrient balance. Crop Nutrition The study of crop structure and how it is affected by disease. Studies include dissection and use of microscope slides. Also includes study at cellular level. Crop Physiology The study of growing and harvesting crops and the relationship of arable production to its environment and humans. Crop Production The particular study of the development of immunities in crops. Also includes the study of artificial barriers, preventatives or exterminators for the animals/insects which attack crops. Crop Protection The study and application of techniques for determining crystal structure. Crystallography The study of the influence of beliefs and value systems on populations and the environment. Cultural Geography The training of professional museum staff in the administration of museum resources and services. Curatorial studies The study of control systems in electronic and mechanical devices and the extent to which comparisons can be made between man-made and biological systems. Cybernetics The study of the Czech language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Czech Language The study of Czech literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Czech Literature The study of Czech society and culture. Czech Society and Culture The study of and/or training in the movement of the body, particularly in time to music. May include some study of/training in music and/or drama. Dance Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Dance categories. To be used sparingly. Dance not elsewhere classified The study of the Danish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Danish Language The study of Danish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Danish Literature The study of Danish society and culture. Danish Society and Culture The study, design or application of information systems which act as structured repositories for large amounts of information. Databases The management of computer systems which capture, process and transmit data. Data Management Programming using declarative programming languages, e.g. Prolog, Miranda. Declarative Programming The system of government based on the consent of the governed. Democracy The study of principles and techniques in providing assistance to dentists undertaking dental procedures and care to persons undergoing such procedures. Dental Nursing The study of the design and fabrication of dental prosthetics and restorative appliances. Dental Technology The study of design for everyday objects, taking into account technology and commerce as well as appearance and current art thinking. May involve the use of computers as design tools. Design studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Design studies categories. To be used sparingly. Design studies not elsewhere classified The study of the development and reproduction of multi-cellular organisms and the differentiation of cells, tissues and organs. Developmental/Reproductive Biology The study of the development of multi-cellular organisms. Developmental Biology Concerned with behaviour viewed from a developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology Development of animals, in particular the differentiation of cells, tissues and organs. Developmental Zoology The study of nutritional services, menu planning and diet formulation for individuals, families and institutions. Dietetics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to discrete values of input and output voltage levels. Digital Circuit Engineering The study of/training in the supervision and direction of dramatic performances. Directing for Theatre The study of/training in the direction and arrangement of equipment and actors in the production of a moving image sequence. Directing Motion Pictures The study of the sociological influence of disability. Disability in Society The techniques involved in delivering a product or service to a customer or end user. Distribution The vocational study of principles and techniques associated with the peripatetic care of individuals within a community. District Nursing Investigation into the nature of a deity and other divine beings. Divinity The specific management techniques involved in the management of homes for the elderly or infirm, and similar establishments. Domestic Management The study of and/or training in acting and stagecraft. May include the study of theatre management and the supervision and production of scenery, costume, lighting, etc. Drama Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Drama categories. To be used sparingly. Drama not elsewhere classified The study of/training in the expression of emotions, ideas or views of reality through representation by lines on a surface. Includes the use of such media as pen & ink, pencil, charcoal, pastel etc. Drawing The study of/training in the creation of items of apparel. Dressmaking The study of the Dutch language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Dutch culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Dutch The study of dying and colouring agents and their application to textiles. Dying and Colouring of Textiles The study of the forces that change or produce the motion of bodies. May include the study of kinetics. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Dynamics The study of the Earth as a unified system; includes Earth resources, surface and crustal processes. Earth Science Historical studies of East Africa. East African History Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian Languages, Literature and related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Eastern, Asiatic and African Languages, Literature and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly. Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian Languages, Literature and related subjects not elsewhere classified The study of organisms in their environment, their interactions and history. Ecology The study of the systematic mathematical and statistical analysis of economic phenomena and problems. Econometrics The study of the relationship between economic factors and the distribution and interaction of people with the natural environment. Economic Geography Study of the growth and development of economies in history. May include the study of industrialisation. Economic History The study of the application of economic principles and analytical techniques in the area of government policy. Economic Policy The systematic study of the production, conservation and allocation of resources in conditions of scarcity, together with the organisational frameworks related to these processes. Economics Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Economic categories. To be used sparingly. Economics not elsewhere classified The study of economic systems based upon particular doctrines. Economic Systems Education The study and application of psychological processes involved in optimising learning and teaching. Educational Psychology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Education categories. To be used sparingly. Education not elsewhere classified The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to provide for the educational needs of society. Education Policy The archaeological study of the civilisations of ancient Egypt. Egyptology The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the practical uses of electrical systems. Involves the study of charged particles. Closely linked with electronic engineering. Electrical Engineering The study of the rates at which electrical energy is fed into or taken from a device or system. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Electrical Power The study and development of electromotive forces and techniques for distributing electricity. Electrical Power Distribution The study and development of techniques for producing electricity. Electrical Power Generation The study of the interaction of charges in electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetism The study of electrically-operated mechanical devices. Electromechanical Engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the practical uses of electricity. Involves the study of charged particles. Electronic and Electrical Engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Electronic and Electrical Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Electronic and Electrical Engineering not elsewhere classified The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to devices whereby electrons are conducted through a semi-conductor, free space or gas. Closely linked with electrical engineering. Electronic Engineering The study of the communication of people through electronic media. May involve study of the internet, world wide web, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the equipment and technology. Electronic Media studies The study of the production, distribution and sale of information by electronic means. Electronic Publishing The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the development and exploitation of various forms of energy e.g. wind, water, solar etc. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Energy Resources Technologies involved in the production, transmission and storage of energy. Energy Technologies Engineering Branch of mathematics concerned with the application of mathematical principles in the areas of engineering and industrial systems/processes. Engineering/Industrial Mathematics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the development of electronic or manufacturing engineering tools. Engineering Design Geological structures and processes in an engineering context. Engineering Geology The processing, storage and production of materials used in engineering. Engineering Materials Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Engineering not elsewhere classified Physical principles and techniques applied to engineering and technology. Engineering Physics The study and practice of measuring altitudes, angles and distances on the land surface in order to plan sites and constructions. Includes specialist underwater surveying techniques. Engineering Surveying The study of the structure and acquisition of English from the point of view of a non-native speaker. Includes pronunciation and articulation. English as a second language Historical studies of England English History The study of the history, grammar and use of English. Includes pronunciation and articulation. English Language The study of the Law of England. English Law The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the language of the English-speaking peoples. Includes English dialects and English-based pidgin and Creole languages. English Linguistics The study of literature originally written in English. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. English Literature The study of the works of a particular author of English Literature. English Literature by author The study of English Literature written within a particular chronological period. English Literature by period The study of English Literature written describing particular cultures, societies, skills, periods of history, etc. English Literature by topic The study of English Literature written by authors whose native language is not English. English Literature written as a second language The study of the English language and literature originally written in English using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. May involve studying the structure of the language, its history, grammar and use. English studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other English studies categories. To be used sparingly. English studies not elsewhere classified The study of insects, including their role as pests. Entomology Relates animals and plants to their terrestrial and marine habitats. Environmental Biology Concerned with environmental issues related to the chemical sciences. Environmental Chemistry The study of the protection and careful management of natural resources and the environment. Environmental Conservation The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the sympathetic use of natural resources. Environmental Engineering The investigation of the relationship between natural and human environments. Environmental Geography The study of the monitoring and evaluation of health hazards and the planning and management of public health programmes. Environmental Health The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the assessment and repair of insensitive environmental exploitation or natural upheaval. Environmental Impact Assessment Political doctrine that believes that human life can only be understood in the context of the natural world and that progress lies in the preservation of the natural environment. Environmentalism Aspects of physics concerned with environmental issues. Environmental Physics The study of the terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric environment and human interaction with it. May also be called Ecology. Environmental Sciences The study of the theory of knowledge. Epistemology The particular study of horses, their health, livery and use as farm, domestic and recreational animals. Equine studies The study of the efficiency and effectiveness of the interface between people and machines. Ergonomics The study of the sociological influence of ethnicity. Ethnic studies The study of organisations and their operations within Europe. European Business studies Historical studies focusing on continental Europe. European History European Languages, Literature and related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in European Languages, Literature and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly. European Languages, Literature and related subjects not elsewhere classified The study of European law. European Union Law The study of the structures, functions and theories of politics within the European Union. European Union Politics The study of managing one-off events such as conferences, shows and visits. Event Management The study of organisms' adaptation to their environment and the mechanisms of heredity and change. Evolution The study of the most efficient way to keep, rear and breed animals not native to Britain. Exotic Livestock The study of the most efficient way to plant, sow and harvest non-native crops. Exotic Plants and Crops Scientific investigation into fundamental psychological processes. Experimental Psychology Aspects related to the exploration for mineral resources. Exploration Geology Geophysical techniques concerned with the discovery of geological deposits. Exploration Geophysics The study of all crafts which are based upon the source materials of fabric and leather. Fabric and Leather Crafts The study of the dissemination of factual information. Factual Reporting Genealogical study of family or personal descent. Family History The study of the most efficient way to keep livestock and grow and harvest crops and fruit. Includes home farm management. Farm Management Political doctrine that emphasises the dominance and the hierarchical authoritarian organisation of the state. Fascism Political doctrine that highlights and attempts to reverse any inequalities in society based on gender differences. Feminism The study of/training in the recording of audio and video elements in the production of a moving image sequence. Film & Sound Recording The study of the organisation and presentation of events on film. Film Production The study of communication between people through film. May involve study of the film industry, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the production of the artwork and ideas themselves. Film studies The study of financial systems, regulations and reporting. Finance Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Finance categories. To be used sparingly. Finance not elsewhere classified The study of the application of economic principles and analytical techniques in the area of finance. Financial Economics The study of the management of money, capital and credit. Financial Management The study of specific techniques involved in explaining and disclosing transactions involving money, capital and credit. Financial Reporting The study of the risks involved in the handling of money, capital and credit. Financial Risk The aesthetic representation in one medium of what is reality in another. Encompasses all artistic media. Fine Art The study of the conservation, protection and restoration of fine art artefacts. Fine Art Conservation Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Fine Art categories. To be used sparingly. Fine Art not elsewhere classified The study of the Finnish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Finnish Language The study of Finnish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Finnish Literature The study of Finnish society and culture. Finnish Society and Culture The study of engineering structures and the development and use of materials with particular emphasis on preventing injury or damage through fire. Fire Safety Engineering The study of the most efficient way to use an area of water to rear fish for commercial sale. Fish Farming The study of fish in their environment for fishing or fish farming. Fish Husbandry The study of the Flemish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Flemish culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Flemish The study of natural or constructed bodies in flight; how they are affected and influenced by forces outside them. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Flight Mechanics The study of the mechanical and flow properties of fluids. May also be called Fluid Dynamics, Hydraulics or Hydrodynamics. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Fluid Mechanics The study of transportation of food and drink to ensure economic and hygienic handling and customer satisfaction. Food and Beverage Delivery The study of the development of artificial foodstuffs. Includes the substitution of one type of food for another. Food and Beverage Manufacture The study of the preservation and processing of foodstuffs. Food and Beverage Processing The study of the process of supplying food and drink. Includes study of production techniques and the amount and rate at which foodstuffs are produced. Food and Beverage Production The study of food products and their preparation to attract consumers. Food and Beverages for the Consumer The study of packaging and packaging systems to ensure economic and hygienic handling and customer satisfaction. Food and Beverages Packaging The study of the properties and behaviour of food from the point of origin on the farm (or elsewhere), through different stages of storage, transportation, preservation or other transformations, including domestic or restaurant food preparation procedures, to its use by the consumer. Food and Beverage studies The study of production techniques for food and drink. Includes study of resources and environmental concerns. Food and Beverage Technology The study of the maintenance and promotion of health through the clean and sanitary handling of food. Food Hygiene The study of the properties and behaviour of food. Includes the application of physical, chemical and biological sciences to food systems. Food Science Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Food studies categories. To be used sparingly. Food studies not elsewhere classified The design and production of footwear. Footwear production The specifically scientific study of materials involved in investigative procedures. May necessitate the study of chemical processes and other scientific techniques including archaeological sciences. Forensic and Archaeological Science The application of Forensic Science in evaluating evidence in courts of law. The techniques used include fingerprinting (both traditional and genetic), analysis of blood and poison samples, ballistics, etc. Forensic Science Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Forensic Science categories. To be used sparingly. Forensic Science not elsewhere classified The study of the planting and caring for trees and the management of woods and forests for conservation purposes, commercial exploitation and recreational use. Forestry The study of the control of water and prevention of erosion by means of good planting, mechanical pumps, etc. Forestry Irrigation and Drainage Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Forestry categories. To be used sparingly. Forestry not elsewhere classified The study of diseases in commercially-grown hardwood and softwood trees and the animals and insects which attack them, with the object of preventing such disease or attack. Forestry Pests and Diseases The study of practical or mechanical sciences connected with forestry as they apply to increased efficiency, economy and crop production. Forestry Technology Historical studies of France. French History The study of the French language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. French Language The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the French-speaking peoples. French Linguistics The study of French literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. French Literature The study of French society and culture. French Society and Culture The study of the French Language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of French culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. French studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other French studies categories. To be used sparingly. French studies not elsewhere classified The study of freshwater and estuarine biology. Freshwater Biology The study of fish generic to unsalted ponds, streams, rivers and lakes, their habits, breeding patterns and the unique effects of their environment. Freshwater Fish The study of the properties of fruit. Includes the application of physical, chemical and biological sciences to fruit-inclusive food systems. Fruit Science The study of/training in the design of furniture for residential, commercial and public environments. Furniture Design The processing, storage and production of materials used in furniture making. Furniture Technology The study of the breeding, maintenance and protection of wild animals preserved specifically for hunting purposes. Game keeping The study of the habitat and management of land set aside for hunting purposes. Gamekeeping Management The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to gases and their production and use. Gas Engineering The processing, cutting and polishing of precious stones. Gemmology The study of the sociological influence of gender. Gender studies The study of design, construction, maintenance and development of any device which uses the resources of nature to turn energy into productive and useful work. General Engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other General Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. General Engineering not elsewhere classified The study and practice of measuring altitudes, angles and distances on the land surface in order to discover the land contours and plot constructions accordingly. General Practice Surveying The scientific study of origin, heredity and variation in organisms; includes the inheritance of biological information. Genetics Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Genetics categories. To be use sparingly. Genetics not elsewhere classified The study of the chemical processes taking place at or near the Earth's surface. Geochemistry Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Geographical and Environmental Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Geographical and Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified The collection and transmission of geographical data using information technology. Geographical Information Systems The study of the sedimentary processes including deposition and dynamics in the oceans. Geological Oceanography The study of the origin, history, structure and composition of the Earth. Encourages understanding of environmental problems and includes techniques on searching for mineral resources and other raw materials. Geology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Geology categories. To be used sparingly. Geology not elsewhere classified The study of the processes determining the topography of the Earth's crust. Geomorphology The study of the physical structure and dynamics of the Earth. Geophysics The study of the Earth Sciences, including geological chemistry and physics. Geoscience The study and practice of discovering the formation, arrangement and structure of the rocks of the earth's crust by means of sonic investigation. Includes the design of earth structures, e.g. dams and foundations of build structures. Geotechnical Engineering The study of the principles and applications of geotechnical engineering. Geotechnology The vocational study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to provide care for the elderly. Geriatric Nursing Historical studies of Germany. German History The study of the German language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. German Language The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the German-speaking peoples. German Linguistics The study of German literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. German Literature The study of German society and culture. German Society and Culture The study of the German language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of German culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. German studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other German studies categories. To be used sparingly. German studies not elsewhere classified The craft of constructing glass vessels by means of blowing into molten glass. Glassblowing All crafts which involve the use of glass as a source material. Glass Crafts The study of plant growth in greenhouse conditions. Glasshouse Culture The study of the principles of minerals technology as they apply to glass and glass derivatives. Stresses the use of the raw material rather than how it is extracted. Glass Technology The study of the northern group of Celtic languages, consisting of Scottish and Irish Gaelic and Manx. Involves study and comparison of literature and languages. May also be called Goidhelic or Gadhelic. Goidelic group of languages The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques effectively to communicate ideas and information to business and consumer audiences via forms of printed media. Graphic Design The study of Social Work services aimed at support of the health and welfare of vulnerable/under-privileged individuals or groups. Health & Welfare The study of issues relating to health and safety in the workplace. Health and Safety Issues The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to influence the public health of societies. Health Policy The study of the maintenance of psychological well being. Health Psychology The study of the techniques of assisting elderly, convalescent or disabled persons in their homes, and providing for their physical, mental and social health care needs. Health Visiting The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the ancient language of the Jews. Hebrew The use of herbs in the treatment of illness. Herbalism The study of the conservation of land which has or contains something of rarity value. Includes the study of Sites of Special Scientific Interest, sites of historical significance, etc. May include maintenance and visitor management. Heritage Management The theory and practice of the Hindu religious tradition. Hinduism Historical and Philosophical studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Historical and Philosophical studies categories. To be used sparingly. Historical and Philosophical studies not elsewhere classified The study of earlier and continuing topographical, topological and social developments and their influence on populations and the environment. Historical Geography The study of the structure and development of languages, now dead, which form the root of modern languages. May also be called Philology. Historical Linguistics Recording and interpreting past events and social and political developments geographically. History by area Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in History by Area categories. To be used sparingly. History by Area not elsewhere classified Recording and interpreting past events and social and political developments chronologically. History by period Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in History by Period. History by Period not elsewhere classified The study of recording, interpreting and comparing developments of particular skills, artefacts, cultures or other areas of interest. History by topic Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in History by Topic categories. To be used sparingly. History by Topic not elsewhere classified Historical study of building design and architectural movements. History of Architecture Historical study of developments in the arts and consideration of art history methods and techniques. Includes the enhancement of visual awareness and expertise as an aspect of cultural history. History of Art Historical studies of the chemical sciences. History of Chemistry The study of the development of the generating of moving images. History of Cinematics The study of the development of moving image and still image generation. History of Cinematics and Photography The study of the development of dance in societies and cultures. History of Dance Historical study of design styles and movements. History of Design Historical studies of the mathematical sciences. History of Mathematics The study of the historical development of music and musical styles. History of Music The study of the development of the generating of still images. History of Photography Historical studies of natural philosophy and the physical sciences. History of Physics Historical study of religious movements and their interaction with other cultures. History of Religions Historical studies of natural philosophy and the physical sciences in their economic and cultural context. Includes the influence of non-scientific factors and the impact of science on society. History of Science The specific management techniques involved in the management of hotels, restaurants and similar establishments. Hotel and Catering The development and management of housing projects in the private and social sectors and in land use planning. Housing The systematic study of the spatial distribution and inter-relationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life. Human and Social Geography The systematic study of the spatial distribution and inter-relationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in a particular area. Human and Social Geography by area The study of particular topics within Human and Social Geography. Human and Social Geography by topic Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Human and Social Geography categories. To be used sparingly. Human and Social Geography not elsewhere classified The systematic study of the spatial distribution and inter-relationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the African continent. Human and Social Geography of Africa The systematic study of the spatial distribution and inter-relationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the Arctic & Antarctic continents. Human and Social Geography of Arctic/Antarctic The systematic study of the spatial distribution and inter-relationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the Asian continent. Human and Social Geography of Asia The systematic study of the spatial distribution and inter-relationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the Australasian continent. Human and Social Geography of Australasia The systematic study of the spatial distribution and inter-relationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the European continent. Human and Social Geography of Europe The systematic study of the spatial distribution and inter-relationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the American continent. Human and Social Geography of the Americas The study, design and application of principles and techniques aimed at optimising the interaction between computer systems and their human users. Human-computer Interaction The study of the genetics of the human species, including chromosome theory and the mechanism of gene action. Human Genetics The specific techniques involved in the management and development of an organisation's human resources. Human Resource Management Miscellaneous groups for related subjects which do not fit into the other Human Resources categories. To be used sparingly. Human Resources not elsewhere classified The collection and application of data about the sea, including surveying and the study of tides and currents. Hydrography The study of bodies of water, their distribution and water resources. Hydrology The treatment of disease by hypnosis. Hypnotherapy Historical studies of Spain and Portugal. Iberian History The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques effectively to communicate ideas and information to business and consumer audiences via drawn or painted images. Illustration The study of the creation of fictional text. Imaginative Writing Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Imaginative Writing categories. To be used sparingly. Imaginative Writing not elsewhere classified The study of the immune system as a defence mechanism against infection. Immunology Historical studies of the Indian sub-continent. Indian History The study of/training in the design of industrial and consumer products to meet aesthetic, functional and commercial requirements. Industrial/Product Design The study of the production of cooked foodstuffs. Includes the application of physical, chemical and biological sciences to food preparation. Industrial Baking The study of micro-organisms, e.g. bacteria, and their use within industry. Industrial Biotechnology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Industrial Biotechnology categories. To be used sparingly. Industrial Biotechnology not elsewhere classified The study of the production of liquid beverages. Includes the application of physical, chemical and biological sciences to drink preparation. Industrial Brewing The study of chemical processes of industrial significance. Industrial Chemistry The study of geological processes of industrial significance. Industrial Geology The techniques and skills involved in the routine maintenance of industrial machinery. Industrial Machinery Maintenance The specific techniques involved in the management of people in a situation involving trade unions or similar staff organisations. Industrial Relations The study of the specification, use and availability of information services. Information Management Concerned with the modelling of information flows within an organisation, and how these flows can be optimised and incorporated into the design of a large-scale computer system. Information Modelling The study of the administration of information resources and services. Includes the collection, sorting and ordering of data and information. Encompasses the cataloguing of sources and the arrangement of archives. May include care, management and organisation of exhibits. Information Services Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Information Services categories. To be used sparingly. Information Services not elsewhere classified The study, design or application of computers systems which capture, process and transmit information. Information Systems The study of inorganic elements, compounds and reaction mechanisms. Inorganic Chemistry The study of the specific techniques required for the management of specific types of institutions. Institutional Management The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the electronic manipulation of tools. Instrumentation Control The study of the investment insurance and the techniques used therein. Insurance The study of the most efficient processing of semiconductor material to form integrated circuits. Integrated Circuit Design The study of different branches of engineering and how they may interrelate. Integrated Engineering The history of ideas and the study of intellectual movements. Intellectual History The study of/training in the design of non static computer-generated images. Interactive and Electronic Design The study of the production, distribution and sale of information which the recipient, with the right equipment, is able to interrogate and manipulate. Interactive Publishing The study of enclosed spaces; design, implementation and materials. Interior Architecture The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques in the planning, designing, equipping and furnishing of residential, commercial and public interior spaces. Interior Design The study of the science or occupation of cultivating land and rearing crops in various parts of the world. International Agriculture The study of organisations and their operations throughout the world. International Business studies The examination of the nature, content, implications and role of constitutions in international systems of government. International Constitutional studies The systematic study and analysis of international commercial behaviour and trade policy. International Economics The study of the science or occupation of cultivating trees as a crop in various parts of the world. International Forestry Historical studies of relations between nation states. International History The specific techniques involved in marketing goods or services to other countries or cultures. International Marketing The study of political structures, functions and theories among the international community. International Politics The study of the interaction between members of the international community. International Relations The study of the policies of international institutions which are designed to modify the balance of sociological factors. International Social Policy The study of the world-wide tourism industry International Tourism The study of the investment industry and the techniques used therein. Investment The study of the investment and insurance industries and the techniques used therein. Investment and Insurance The study of the history, grammar and use of Irish Gaelic. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Irish Gaelic The study of literature originally written in Irish Gaelic. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Irish Gaelic Literature Historical studies of Ireland. Irish History The archaeology of the period of human culture characterised by the making and use of iron implements and artefacts, c.1100 - C1st AD. Iron Age The theory and practice of Islam. Islamic studies Historical studies of Italy. Italian History The study of the Italian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Italian Language The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the Italian-speaking peoples. Italian Linguistics The study of Italian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Italian Literature The study of Italian society and culture. Italian Society and Culture The study of the Italian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Italian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Italian studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Italian studies categories. To be used sparingly. Italian studies not elsewhere classified The study of the Japanese language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Japanese Language studies The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the Japanese-speaking peoples. Japanese Linguistics The study of Japanese literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Japanese Literature studies The study of Japanese society and culture. Japanese Society and Culture studies The study of the Japanese languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Japanese culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Japanese studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Japanese studies. To be used sparingly. Japanese studies not elsewhere classified The study of reporting, photographing and editing news stories. Includes the ownership and control of the press and the power it conveys. Also includes the study of political, ethical and economic influences. Journalism Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Journalism categories. To be used sparingly. Journalism not elsewhere classified The theory and practice of Jewish religion. Judaism The science or philosophy of law. Jurisprudence The system based upon the idea that governments can manage economies by influencing the level of aggregate demand. Keynesianism Concerned with principles and methodologies for the capture, representation, storage and application of human knowledge in a computer system. Knowledge Representation The techniques involved in the management of land, buildings and similar physical resources. Land and property management The techniques involved in the management of land. Land Management The study of land used for informal recreation. Includes study of erosion and damage to habitat from over or inappropriate use, and the techniques to prevent, cure and minimise such damage. Land Management for Recreation The scenic design of the natural environment and the layout of gardens and open spaces. Landscape Architecture The study of the design, construction and management of land-based scenery. Includes buildings within landscape and the habitat surrounding them. Landscape Design Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Landscape Design categories. Landscape Design not elsewhere classified The planning and management of the built and natural environment as landscape. Landscape studies The study of the organisation and management of land-based transport systems. Includes transport by rivers, lakes and canals. Land Travel The study of the principles and techniques of therapies for persons with physical or behavioural disorders that affect speaking or comprehension. Language Pathology The study of lasers as optical instrumentation. Laser Physics The study of the history, grammar and use of the Greek used in Eastern churches and how it differs from standard Classical Greek. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Late Greek The study of Latin American languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Latin American Language studies The study of Latin American literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Latin American Literature studies The study of Latin American societies and cultures. Latin American Society and Culture studies The study of the history, grammar and use of Latin. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Latin Language The study of literature originally written in Latin. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Latin Literature The study of literature originally written in Latin and translated into English. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Latin Literature in Translation The study of Latin, its structure, history, grammar and use. May involve investigation into its relationship with modern day speech and language. May also involve the study of literature texts using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Latin studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Latin studies categories. To be used sparingly. Latin studies not elsewhere classified Law The study of the law as defined in particular geographic regions. Law by area Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Law by Area categories. To be used sparingly. Law by Area not elsewhere classified The study of particular aspects of law. Law by Topic Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Law by Topic categories. To be used sparingly. Law by topic not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Law categories. To be used sparingly. Law not elsewhere classified The study of the principles and techniques to provide support for learning needs. Learning Disability Nursing The study of the processing and use of leather. Includes tanning and methods of preserving leather. Leather Technology The craft involved with the creation or decoration of items made from animal skin. Leatherwork The study of the duties and requirements of legal representation. Legal Practice Political doctrine that emphasises the freedom of the individual and individual rights while minimising the need for external constraints. Liberalism The training of professional library staff in the administration of library resources and services. Librarianship The study of the professional administration of library resources and services. Includes the collecting and cataloguing of information and archives. Library studies The study of the nature of language, its development and acquisition. May involve some study of human vocal anatomy. Linguistics Linguistics, Classics and related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Linguistics, Classics and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly. Linguistics, Classics and related subjects not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Linguistics categories. To be used sparingly. Linguistics not elsewhere classified The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the African peoples. Linguistics of African Languages The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of Ancient and/or Classical languages. Linguistics of Ancient and Classical Languages The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of Middle-Eastern peoples. Linguistics of Middle-Eastern Languages The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of non-English-speaking non-European peoples. Linguistics of non-English, non-European Languages The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of non-English-speaking peoples. Linguistics of non-English European Languages The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of other Asian peoples. Linguistics of Other Asian Languages The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the Scandinavian peoples. Linguistics of Scandinavian Languages The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the Slavonic and East-European peoples. Linguistics of Slavonic and East-European Languages The study, analysis and interpretation of literature written in a language other than English. Literature in its original language The study, analysis and interpretation of literature translated into a language other than the one in which it was originally written. Literature in translation The study of the most efficient way to keep animals for agricultural use rather than as pets. Livestock The study of animals and their relationship with their environment and people in order to enable successful farming. Livestock Husbandry Social historical study of a particular locality such as a town or village. Local History The study of the programming and operation of knitting machines. Machine Knitting The study and development of techniques whereby machines may gain knowledge through experience, deduction or reasoning. Machine Learning The techniques and skills involved in the routine maintenance of machines. Machinery Maintenance The study of the economic environment within which firms and individuals may operate. Macroeconomics The study of the personnel and administration necessary for the efficient organisation of an education establishment. May include investigation of disparate subjects such as office skills, bookkeeping, interpersonal skills, child welfare etc. Management and Organisation of Education The study of managing organisations. Management studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Management studies categories. To be used sparingly. Management studies not elsewhere classified The study of the specific techniques for managing an organisation. Management Techniques The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design and installation of production-line technology. Manufacturing Installation Systems The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of new and/or replacement production-line technology. Manufacturing Systems Design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to electrical and electronic methods of manufacture. Manufacturing Systems Engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the maintenance of production-line technology. Manufacturing Systems Maintenance The study of the history, grammar and use of Manx. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Manx The study of literature originally written in Manx. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Manx Literature The study of aquatic biology. Marine/Freshwater Biology The study of saltwater and oceanic biology. Marine Biology Topics in the chemical sciences concerned with understanding the marine environment. Marine Chemistry The study of geotechnical processes in marine environments. Marine Geotechnology The study of the specific processes involved in marine navigation. Marine Navigation The study of the physical properties of the marine environment. Marine Physics The use of plumbing systems in boats, ships and other marine craft. Marine Plumbing The use of radar in boats, ships and other marine craft. Marine Radar The use of radio and telecommunications systems in boats, ships and other marine craft. Marine Radio The study of the coastal environment and mariculture. Marine Sciences The processes and systems used in boats, ships and other marine craft. Marine Technology The biological study of animals in seawater environments. Marine Zoology The geographical study of coastal and marine regions. Maritime Geography The study of practical or mechanical sciences connected with the sea, involving marine technology, as it applies to industry or commerce. Maritime Technology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Maritime Technology categories. To be used sparingly. Maritime Technology not elsewhere classified The techniques involved in the management of an organisations relationship with its customers and the world at large. Marketing Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Marketing categories. To be used sparingly. Marketing not elsewhere classified The specific techniques involved in the identification, definition and research of markets for an organisations products or services. Market Research The craft of decorating wooden items by inlaying patterns of thin layers of wood, brass, ivory etc. Marquetry and Inlaying Mass Communications and Documentation Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Mass Communications and Documentation categories. To be used sparingly. Mass Communications and Documentation not elsewhere classified The study of the crystalline and granular structure of materials, including electronic atomic and molecular configurations. May include the study of mining and mining techniques. Materials Science Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Materials Science categories. To be used sparingly. Materials Science not elsewhere classified The processing, storage and production of materials. Materials Technology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other, specified, Materials Technology categories. To be used sparingly. Materials Technology not elsewhere classified Grouping for any materials or materials-related technology which does not fit into the other Material Technology categories. Materials Technology not otherwise specified The mathematical principles and techniques of physics theory and explanation of physical phenomena. Mathematical & Theoretical Physics Mathematical and Computer Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Mathematical and Computing Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Mathematical and Computing Sciences not elsewhere classified The study of specific techniques for the precise solution of mathematical problems. Mathematical Methods The use of mathematical principles to construct simplified representations and simulations of 'real-world' processes, allowing calculations and predictions to be made. Mathematical Modelling Concerned with the mathematical theory and proofs forming the basis of probability and inference, and their applications to the collection, analysis and description of data. Mathematical Statistics The rigorous analysis of quantities, magnitudes, forms and their relationships, using symbolic logic and language, both in its own right and as applied to other disciplines. Mathematics Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Mathematics categories. To be used sparingly. Mathematics not elsewhere classified The study of the properties of meat. Includes the application of food sciences to meat-inclusive food systems. Meat Science The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, development manufacture and operation of machinery. Mechanical Engineering Miscellaneous group for related subjects which do not fit into other Mechanical Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Mechanical Engineering not elsewhere classified The study of the equilibrium of bodies or their motion within a particular frame of reference. May also be called Stress Analysis. Mechanics Branch of applied mathematics concerned with motion and the tendency to motion. Mechanics (Mathematical) The study of the assembly and structure of moving parts arranged to transmit or modify force in order to perform some function. Mechanisms and Machines The study of electronics as applied to the development of symbiotic software/hardware technology. Mechatronics The study of the organisation and presentation of media events. Media Production The study of communication between people through broadcasting, cinema, the press and by electronic means. May involve the study of the media industry, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Media studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Media studies categories. To be used sparingly. Media studies not elsewhere classified The study of the molecular basis of health and illness. Medical and Veterinary Biochemistry The investigation of genetic abnormalities and their treatment. Medical and Veterinary Genetics The study of the interactions between micro-organisms and their hosts. Medical and Veterinary Microbiology Covers the biochemical aspects of metabolic processes in humans. Medical Biochemistry The investigation of genetic abnormalities and their treatment in humans. Medical Genetics The study of the law relating to the practice of medicine. Medical Law The study of the interactions between micro-organisms and their human hosts. Medical Microbiology The study of principles and techniques to allow nurses to provide care to patients before and during surgery and to provide assistance to surgeons. Medical Nursing The application of physics to the medical sciences. Medical Physics The application of statistical techniques to the collection and analysis of numerical data relating to medicine. Medical Statistics The study of the use and development of medical equipment and its potential, including that used in radiography. Also involves understanding the effects of the various forms of radiation used to display and treat damage or illness. Medical Technology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Medical Technology categories. To be used sparingly. Medical Technology not elsewhere classified Aspects of chemistry, such as drug design, of importance to medical science. Medicinal Chemistry Medicine and Dentistry Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Medicine and Dentistry categories. To be used sparingly. Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified Historical studies of the period between c.700 AD to c.1550 AD. Medieval History The study of the history and grammar of vernacular Latin used in legal documents and how it differs from standard Latin. Includes acquisition and individual written forms. Medieval Latin The study of the role and influence of men in society. Men's Studies The study of principles and techniques to allow nurses to provide care for persons with mental, emotional or behavioural disorders. Mental Health Nursing The study of the philosophy of thinking and the mind. Mental Philosophy Covers the biochemical aspects of metabolic processes. Metabolic Biochemistry The study of all crafts which use metals as a source material. Metal Crafts The processes involved in the production and manufacture of metallic objects and structures. Metallic Fabrication The study of the principles of minerals technology as they apply to the structure and properties of metals, their extraction, refining, alloys and manufacture. Involves practical element. Metallurgy Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Metallurgy categories. To be used sparingly. Metallurgy not elsewhere classified Consideration of the problems in the theories of being and thought. Metaphysics The study of atmospheric conditions related to weather conditions and forecasting. Meteorology The scientific study of micro-organisms encompassing major components of genetics and molecular biology. Includes bacteriology, virology, cell structure and function and may include some immunology. Microbiology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Microbiology categories. To be used sparingly. Microbiology not elsewhere classified The study of the branch of economics concerned with particular commodities, firms or individuals and the economic relationships between them. Microeconomics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to microcircuits. Microelectronic Engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to electromagnetic radiation or very short length radio waves used for transmitting and collecting information. Microwave Engineering The vocational study of principles and techniques to allow midwives to deliver babies and treat mothers in the pre-natal, delivery and post-delivery periods. Midwifery Historical studies of the development of armed forces and their deployment in warfare. Military History The design and production of hats. Millinery The processing of minerals and metals from their raw or ore states. Mineral Processing The analysis of the upper Earth's crust for the purposes of identifying minerals and metals. Minerals Surveying The study of the production of minerals and metals and their separation from other elements contained within mineral deposits. Minerals Technology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Mineral Technology categories. To be used sparingly. Minerals Technology not elsewhere classified The study of the extraction and processing of minerals and metals. Mining Geological topics related to the mining and minerals industry. Mining Geology The study of modern Celtic culture and its literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Involves language study and/or comparison between languages. Modern Celtic studies Historical studies of the period c.1550 AD to the present. Modern History Historical studies of the period 1500-1599. Modern History 1500-1599 Historical studies of the period 1600-1699. Modern History 1600-1699 Historical studies of the period 1700-1799. Modern History 1700-1799 Historical studies of the period 1800-1899. Modern History 1800-1899 Historical studies of the period 1900-1919. Includes World War I studies. Modern History 1900-1919 Historical studies of the period 1920-1949. Includes World War II studies. Modern History 1920-1949 Historical studies of the period 1950-1999. Modern History 1950-1999 Historical studies of the period 2000-2099. Modern History 2000-2099 The study of modern Middle-Eastern languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Modern Middle-Eastern Language studies The study of modern Middle-Eastern literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Modern Middle-Eastern Literature studies The study of modern Middle-Eastern societies and cultures. Modern Middle-Eastern Society and Culture studies The study of the acquisition of the modern Middle Eastern languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Middle Eastern culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Modern Middle Eastern studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Modern Middle-Eastern studies categories. To be used sparingly. Modern Middle-Eastern studies not elsewhere classified The scientific study of the chemical compounds and reactions occurring in the cells of living organisms including the molecular and biochemical analysis of life processes. Involves aspects of cellular organisation and specialisation and how the structure and function of DNA, RNA proteins, enzymes and membranes determine biological processes. Molecular Biology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Molecular Biology, Biophysics and Biochemistry categories. To be used sparingly. Molecular Biology, Biophysics and Biochemistry not elsewhere classified The study of genetic factors and processes at molecular level. Molecular Genetics The study of the system based upon the theory that an economy can be regulated by means of central control of the money supply. Monetarism The study of the concept of morality and codes of behaviour. Moral Philosophy The study of the techiques/processes and equipment relating to the storage of deceased human beings. Mortuary Technology The study of the techniques and principles associated with the production of moving image sequences. Moving Image Techniques Area of Computer Science concerned with the computer controlled delivery of information in a variety of forms, including text, pictures, video, graphics and animation. Often associated with information presentation on the Internet. Multi-media Computing Science The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques in design using a variety of materials. Multimedia Design The study of the production, distribution and sale of information in a variety of ways, in sequence or parallel. Multi-media Publishing The study of the professional administration of museum resources and services. May include the care, management and organisation of exhibits. Museum studies The study of melody, harmony and rhythm produced in accordance with specified patterns and sequences. May include performance, theory and history of music. Music Historical studies of the development of musical instruments in the context of changing styles of playing and performance. Musical Instrument History The study of the systems and processes used in the manufacture of musical instruments. Musical Instrument Technology The study of/training in the mastering of musical instruments and performing art as solo and/or ensemble performers. Musicianship/Performance studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Music categories. To be used sparingly. Music not elsewhere classified The systematic study of the forms and methods of music art, and the functions of music in societies and cultures. Musicology The study of/training in the techniques required to obtain accurate and lifelike recordings of musical performances. Music Recording The study of fungi, symbiotic relationships and their role in decay. Mycology Political doctrine that promotes the self-determination of the nation. Nationalism The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to ships and their reaction to water and its pressures. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Naval Architecture Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Naval Architecture categories. To be used sparingly. Naval Architecture not elsewhere classified The study of crafts which draw upon the use of needles in create and decorate fabric and leather artefacts. Needlecraft The study of computer network systems and computer communications techniques/protocols. Networks and Communications The study of computer-based hardware and software constructs which aim to model and simulate the salient features of animal nervous systems. Neural Computing The explanation of behaviour in physiological terms. Neuropsychology The study of the anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, molecular biology and behaviour roles of neuron cells and biological nervous systems in humans. Neuroscience Historical studies of New Zealand. New Zealand History Historical studies of North Africa. North African History The study of the law of Northern Ireland. Northern Irish Law The study of the Norwegian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Norwegian Language The study of Norwegian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Norwegian Literature The study of Norwegian society and culture. Norwegian Society and Culture The study of matter at atomic and sub-atomic level, and of the structure and behaviour of nuclei. Nuclear and Particle Physics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial use and development of nuclear energy. Nuclear Engineering The study of the mathematical methods used to obtain approximate (numerical) results to a problem on a digital computer. Numerical Analysis Vocational science concerning the practical care of sick, injured or infirm patients in hospital and the community. May include allied subjects in behavioural, social and biological sciences. Nursing Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Nursing categories. To be used sparingly. Nursing not elsewhere classified The study of the process of assimilating nutrient materials into animal or plant tissue. Designed to enhance health and the quality of life of those treated. Nutrition Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Dietetics categories. To be used sparingly. Nutrition not elsewhere classified Programming using object oriented programming languages and environments. Object Oriented Programming The monitoring and evaluation of health standards related to industrial and commercial workplaces and locations. Occupational Health The application of human factors in psychology. Occupational Psychology The study of therapeutic regimes to assist recovery from mental or physical ailments/injury. Occupational Therapy The study of oceans, the seabed and atmosphere. Includes oceanography. May include studies associated with physics, chemistry, geology and biology. Ocean Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Ocean Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Ocean Sciences not elsewhere classified The skills involved in office administration and management. Office Administration The techniques and skills involved in the routine maintenance of office machinery. Office Machinery Maintenance The generic skills involved in organisational administration. Office skills Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Office Skills categories. To be used sparingly. Office skills not elsewhere classified The study of the processes involved in offset lithographic printing. Offset Lithography The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the construction of structures sited in the sea and their interaction with wind and waves. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Offshore Engineering The system of government that embodies the rule of the few over the many. Oligarchy The study of software which is designed to facilitate the efficient coordination and use of system components. Operating Systems The development and application of complex mathematical or simulation models to solve problems involving operational systems, where the system concerned is subject to human intervention. Operational Research Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Operational Research categories. To be used sparingly. Operational Research not elsewhere classified The study of the eye, disruption to sight and diseases of the eye. Also includes treatment of eye disorders. Ophthalmics Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Ophthalmic categories. To be used sparingly. Ophthalmics not elsewhere classified The study of optics as a natural phenomenon and optical instrumentation. Optical Physics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to devices in which an optical input produces and electrical output or in which electrical stimulation produces visible, ultraviolet or infrared output. Optoelectronic Engineering The study of the principles and techniques for examining, diagnosing and treating conditions of the human visual system. Optometry The study of spoken records as historical evidence. Oral History The study of the most efficient way to grow crops on a large scale, including those borne on trees, for food, without the use of artificial chemicals or fertilisers. Organic Arable and Fruit Farming The study of organic compounds and their reaction mechanisms. Organic Chemistry The study of agricultural processes conducted without the use of artificial chemicals in the form of fertilisers or pesticides. Organic Farming The study of the most efficient way to use of an area of water to rear fish for commercial sale, without the use of artificial chemicals. Organic Fish Farming The study of forestry processes conducted without the use of artificial chemicals in the form of fertilisers or pesticides. Organic Forestry The study of the most efficient way to keep animals for agricultural use rather than as pets without the use of artificial chemicals or feed. Organic Livestock The techniques involved in the development of an organisations physical and human resources, structure and culture. Organisational Development The study of reactions between organic compounds and metals. Organometallic Chemistry The Japanese craft of folding paper into decorative shapes and figures. Origami The study of fish kept for recreational purposes, their habits and breeding patterns. Ornamental Fish The study of principles and techniques for the correction of vision defects in humans using therapeutic exercises. Orthoptics The treatment of disease through the manipulation of bones. Osteopathy The study of other Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Other Asian Language studies The study of other Asian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Other Asian Literature studies The theory and practice of other Asian religions. Other Asian Religious studies The study of other Asian societies and cultures. Other Asian Society and Culture studies The study of other Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of other Asian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Other Asian studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Other Asian Studies categories. To be used sparingly. Other Asian studies not elsewhere classified The study of other European languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Other European Languages The study of other European literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Other European Literature The study of other European societies and cultures. Other European Societies and Cultures Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Architecture, Building and Planning categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Architecture, Building and Planning Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Biological or Life Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Biological Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Business and Administrative studies categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Business and Administrative studies Miscellaneous grouping for related computing subjects which do not fit into other Computing Sciences categories G4 to G7. Others in Computing Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Creative Arts and Design categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Creative Arts and Design The study of other Eastern, Asiatic and African languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian Languages Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Eastern, Asiatic and African Languages, Literature and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian Languages, Literature and related subjects The study of other Eastern, Asiatic and African literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian Literature The study of other Eastern, Asiatic and African societies and cultures. Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian Societies and Cultures Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Education categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Education Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other European Languages, Literature and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly. Others in European Languages, Literature and related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Historical and Philosophical studies categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Historical and Philosophical studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Law categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Law Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Linguistics, Classics and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Linguistics, Classics and related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Mass Communications and Documentation categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Mass Communications and Documentation Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Mathematical and Computing Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Mathematical and Computing Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related mathetical subjects which do not fit into other Mathematical Sciences categories G1 to G3. Others in Mathematical Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Medicine and Dentistry categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Medicine and Dentistry Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Physical Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Physical Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Social studies categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Social studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Subjects Allied to Medicine categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Subjects allied to Medicine Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Technology categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Technology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly. Others in Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture and related subjects The study of international veterinary practice and its development in specialist areas. Overseas Veterinary Development The vocational study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to provide care for children, from infancy to adolescence. Paediatric Nursing The study of/training in the expression of emotions, ideas or views of reality through representation by the application of paints and chemical colour substances to canvasses or other materials. Painting The study of the fossil record. Palaeontology The study of principles and techniques for the provision of palliative care of the sick, disabled and infirm. Palliative Care Nursing The study of the communication between people through paper-based media. May involve the study of books, newspapers and magazines, technical development and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the printing and technical expertise. Paper-based Media studies The study of all crafts which involve the making or use of paper as a source material. Paper Crafts The processing, storage and production of paper and paper-based materials. Paper Technology The study of principles and techniques to allow nurses to provide on-site care for persons with acute illnesses or injuries. Paramedical Nursing The study of the transmission and control of parasitic diseases and their vectors. Parasitology The study of religious practice in its social setting. It includes the work of the Ministry in religious education. Pastoral studies The study of the biological nature of diseases. Pathobiology The study of the nature, causes and development of human diseases, and the mechanisms of disease infestation and transfer. Pathology The design and cutting of patterns from cloth. Pattern Cutting The precision cutting of metals for use in the production of objects and structures. Pattern Making The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the planning, development and construction of the routes for road transport. Pavement Engineering The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the planning, development and construction of the routes for rail transport. Permanent Way Engineering Concerned with vertebrate and invertebrate pests, their roles as disease vectors and agents of damage, and their control. Pest Science The chemical science of petroleum and petroleum compounds. Petrochemical Chemistry The extraction and processing of petrochemicals. Petrochemical Technology The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the extraction, processing and refining of petroleum. Petroleum Engineering The study of drug function. Pharmaceutical Chemistry The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial preparation of drugs. Pharmaceutical Engineering The study of the therapeutic and toxic effects of drugs on human tissues and systems. Pharmacology The study of drugs, their characteristics, actions and uses. Includes the study of poisons, their nature, effects and antidotes. Also includes how drugs and other chemicals interact with biological systems. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy categories. To be used sparingly. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy not elsewhere classified The study of the professional practice of pharmacy. Includes instruction in principles of medicinal chemistry, drug behaviour, and mixing, preparing and dispensing of prescription medications. Pharmacy The critical examination of fundamental beliefs about meaning, truth and reality, right and wrong. Philosophy Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Philosophy categories. To be used sparingly. Philosophy not elsewhere classified The study of the philosophy of the Sciences, including scientific methodology, the nature of scientific knowledge and the use of formal logic. Philosophy of Science The study of speech processes, including the production, perception and analysis of speech sound. Includes speech acoustics, anatomy and physiology. Phonetics The study of speech and language from the point of view of sound analysis. Phonetics and Phonology The study of the sound systems of languages. Phonology The study of/training in all aspects in the creation of still images on photographic film or plates. Photography The study of the processes involved in photo-lithography. Photo-Lithography The branch of Anthropology that deals with physical and biological factors in societies. Physical and Biological Anthropology The study of the natural features of the earth's surface and environmental interactions including topology, climate, soil and vegetation. Physical and Terrestrial Geographical and Environmental Sciences The study of atomic and molecular structure, chemical bonding, energetics and dynamics. Physical Chemistry The study of the physical processes underlying the features of the Earth's surface. Physical Geography Physical Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Physical Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified The study of the properties of matter and energy and the relationships between them, making extensive use of mathematical techniques and models. May include mechanics, optics, electricity, magnetism and acoustics. May also include atomic, nuclear, particle and solid state studies. Physics Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Physics categories. To be used sparingly. Physics not elsewhere classified The study of systemic function and behaviour of the human body, including processes such as respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, and reproduction. Physiology The study of the planning and execution of treatment programmes to prevent or remedy physical dysfunction, relieve pain and prevent further disability. Physiotherapy The physical science study of the solar system. Planetary Science The study of the interaction between town and country land use. Includes the use of land for building. Planning (Urban, Rural and Regional) Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Planning (Urban, Rural and Regional) categories. To be used sparingly. Planning (Urban, Rural and Regional) not elsewhere classified Reconciliation of the dynamics of the economic, environmental and social effects in the planning context. Planning studies Concerned with cellular processes in plants including the understanding of the expression of genetic information. Plant Biochemistry Involves the molecular and microbial manipulation of plants. Plant Biotechnology Concerned with the cellular organisation and function in plants. Plant Cell Science Concerned with the diseases of plants and their treatments. Plant Pathology The use and development of plastics. Plastics The system of government that embodies the rule of the wealthy. Plutocracy The study of/training in the writing of poems. Poetry Writing The study of the Polish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Polish Language The study of Polish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Polish Literature The study of Polish society and culture. Polish Society and Culture The study of the branch of economics which deals with the economic implications of political policy. Political Economics The study of the influence of political factors in the distribution of populations and their effect on the environment. Political Geography The study of the sociological dimensions of politics. Political Sociology The study of the organisation and functions of various methods of government. Political Systems Collections of ideas that seek to explain the organisation of society and/or resolve conflicts within society. Political Theories The study of activities related to the institution of the state and the machinery of government or the method through which social conflict is expressed and attempts to resolve conflict are made. Politics Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Politcs categories. To be used sparingly. Politics not elsewhere classified The study of the structures, functions and theories of politics within the specific countries or regions. Politics of a specific country/region The study of monitoring with the intention to reduce the emission and distribution of noxious substances in the environment. Pollution Control The study of the properties of macromolecular compounds and their synthesis. Polymer Chemistry The study of molecular compounds or filaments. Stresses the uses of the raw material rather than how it is extracted. Polymers and Textiles Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Polymer and Textiles categories. To be used sparingly. Polymers and Textiles not elsewhere classified The use and development of polymers. Polymers Technology The study of organism numbers and population dynamics. Population Biology The study of the Portuguese language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Portuguese Language The study of the Portuguese language, specific to its structure, history, grammar and use in countries other than Portugal. Portuguese Languages in other countries The study of Portuguese literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Portuguese Literature The study of Portuguese society and culture. Portuguese Society and Culture The study of the Portuguese language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Portuguese culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Portuguese studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Portuguese studies categories. To be used sparingly. Portuguese studies not elsewhere classified The craft of creating vessels and artefacts from fired clay. Pottery The study of egg and fowl production and the relationship of poultry to its environment and people. Poultry keeping The vocational study of principles and techniques associated with a doctor's surgery. Practice Nursing The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the ancient vernacular language of India. Prakrit Vocational science concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of damage, disease and disorder to the teeth and gums of homo sapiens. Pre-clinical Dentistry Vocational science of preventing, diagnosing, alleviating or curing disease in homo sapiens. Includes such areas as Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacy and Nutrition which can be specialisms in their own right. Pre-clinical Medicine Vocational science concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disease in animals. Pre-clinical Veterinary Medicine Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Pre-clinical Veterinary Medicine categories. To be used sparingly. Pre-clinical Veterinary Medicine not elsewhere classified The study of the processes involved in printing. Printing The study of/training in the expression of emotions, ideas or views of reality by rendering art concepts onto surfaces and transferring images, via ink or dyes, onto paper or fabric. Printmaking The study of the definition and application of private law. Private Law The mathematical study of chance. Probability The study of the provision of services aimed at supervising criminal offenders and supporting their rehabilitation into society following punishment. Probation/After Care Programming using procedural computer languages and environments, e.g. Pascal, Fortran, Cobol. Procedural Programming The study of/training in the techniques and principles involved in the production of theatrical performances other than acting and directing. Producing for Theatre The study of/training in all aspects of the production of a moving image sequence other than acting and directing. Producing Motion Pictures The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the management and control of factory and workshop techniques and the industrial developments in technology and materials. Production and Manufacturing Engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Production and Manufacturing Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Production and Manufacturing Engineering not elsewhere classified The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to efficient application of production-line technology. Production Processes Concerned with the conversion of designs into computer instruction sets in order to satisfy the requirements of specific operational problems. Programming The techniques specific to the planning, managing and monitoring of projects. Project Management The techniques involved in the promotion and advertising of an organisation or an organisation's products. Promotion and Advertising The study of the law of property. Property Law The techniques involved in the management of buildings and other structures. Property Management The study of aerospace locomotion and its driving force. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Propulsion Systems The study of/training in the writing of prose. Prose Writing The study of cognition and the effects of psychology on linguistic understanding and ability. Psycholinguistics Scientific enquiry into behavioural and mental processes. May include study of the brain and brainwaves, sense, and biological and physiological bases of behaviour. Psychology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Psychology categories. To be used sparingly. Psychology not elsewhere classified Use of measurement and quantitative techniques in psychological testing. Psychometrics The application accounting techniques that are specific to public sector organisations. Public Accountancy The study of the functions and structure of those bodies concerned with the administrative duties of government. Public Administration The study of engineering principles, design and construction, with particular emphasis on public health and safety. Public Health Engineering The study of the law governing countries beyond the boundaries of the European Union. Public International Law The study of transmission of information and/or knowledge. Includes study of the techniques of attracting attention. May include media practices and production, cultural differences and communication on an individual, group or national basis. Publicity studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Publicity studies categories. To be used sparingly. Publicity studies not elsewhere classified The study of the definition and application of public law. Public Law The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to influence sociological factors. Public Policy The study of creating, promoting and maintaining a favourable image among the public towards an individual or organisation. Public Relations The study of the production, distribution and sale of information made available by printed, electronic or other means. Publishing Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Publishing categories. To be used sparingly. Publishing not elsewhere classified The study of the production, distribution and sale of information on audio/video tape. Publishing on audio/video tape The study of the production, distribution and sale of information on CD ROM. Publishing on CD-ROM The study of the production, distribution and sale of information via the World Wide Web. Publishing via the World Wide Web The rigorous analysis of quantities, magnitudes, forms and their relationships, using symbolic logic and language. Pure Mathematics The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the creation of models from which conclusions about real situations can be researched. Quality Assurance Engineering The financial management of project design and construction, whether for client or contractor. Quantity Surveying Description and analysis of sub-atomic behaviour. Quantum Mechanics The study of the extraction and processing of stone. Quarrying The study of the rock systems of the most recent geological period. Quaternary studies Monitoring and evaluation of emissions from sources of radiation. Radiation Physics The study of the principles and techniques in the use of radiation to provide medical diagnostic information. Radiography, diagnostic The study of the treatment of human diseases by means of controlled exposure to forms of radiation. Radiography, therapeutic The study of the principles and techniques in the use of radiation to provide diagnostic information and therapy in medicine. Radiology The study of the organisation and presentation of events on radio. Radio Production The study of communication between people through radio. May involve study of the radio industry, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the production of the artwork and ideas themselves. Radio studies The study of mechanical self propulsion in rail vehicles. Rail Vehicle Engineering The specific management techniques involved in the management of leisure and recreational establishments. Recreation/Leisure Management The study of specific techniques involved in recruitment. Recruitment Methods The study of all crafts which involve the use of reeds and related materials. Reed Crafts A system of massage through reflex points on the feet, hands and head used to relieve tension and treat illness. Reflexology The preparation of strategic plans for the development of a region. Regional Planning The study of the sociological influence of religion. Religion in Society Identification and classification of religions and the comparative study of the world's religious traditions. Religious studies The study and interpretation of religious writings in their historical, theological and philosophical contexts. Religious writings Topographic and geomatic data surveying carried out over a distance. Remote Sensing The study of the reproduction of multi-cellular organisms. Reproductive Biology The study of the processes involved in reprographics. Reprographic Techniques The study of investigative method and the collection of information with the aim of improving individual learning ability and efficiency. Research and Study Skills in Education Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Research and Study skills categories. To be used sparingly. Research and Study skills not elsewhere classified The study of investigative method and the collection of information. Research skills The specific techniques involved in the management of retail outlets. Retail Management The study of mechanical self propulsion in road vehicles. Road Vehicle Engineering The study of designing, building and use of robots. Robotics The study of the relationship between biological systems and man-made systems designed and created to mimic them. Robotics and Cybernetics The study of stress, elasticity, failure criteria and plasticity of the upper layers of the Earth's crust. Rock Mechanics The study of the administration of large landed properties as or on behalf of their owner. Includes elements of business studies, personnel management, buildings management. Rural Estate Management The planning of the infrastructure, development and management of settlement in the country. Rural Planning The study of Russian and East European languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Russian and East European Languages The study of Russian and East European literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Russian and East European Literature The study of Russian and East European society and culture. Russian and East European Society and Culture The study of Russian and East European languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Russian and East European culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Russian and East European studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Russian and East-European studies categories. To be used sparingly. Russian and East European studies not elsewhere classified Historical studies of Russia. Russian History The study of the Russian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Russian Language The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the Russian-speaking peoples. Russian Linguistics The study of Russian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Russian Literature The study of Russian society and culture. Russian Society and Culture The study of engineering structures and the development and use of materials with particular emphasis on preventing injury or sickness. Safety Engineering The specific techniques involved in the management of a sales function within an organisation. Sales Management The study of fish generic to seas, oceans and salted estuaries, their habits, breeding patterns and the unique effects of their environment. Saltwater Fish The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the oldest recorded branch of the Indic branch of the Indo-European ancient language of India. Sanskrit The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to man-made devices orbiting the earth for communication purposes. Satellite Engineering The study of Scandinavian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Scandinavian Languages The study of Scandinavian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Scandinavian Literature The study of Scandinavian society and culture. Scandinavian Society and Culture The study of Scandinavian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Scandinavian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Scandinavian studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Scandinavian studies categories. To be used sparingly. Scandinavian studies not elsewhere classified Consideration of philosophical thought of the medieval period. Scholastic Philosophy The vocational study of principles and techniques for the provision of care within a school setting. School Nursing The study of the history, grammar and use of Scottish Gaelic. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Scottish Gaelic The study of literature originally written in Scottish Gaelic. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Scottish Gaelic Literature Historical studies of Scotland. Scottish History The study of the law of Scotland. Scottish Law The study of the processes involved in screen process printing. Screen Process Printing The study of/training in the writing of scripts for theatre/television or motion picture productions. Scriptwriting The representation of reality using three-dimensional media e.g. stone, metal, wood etc. Sculpture The study of the organisation and management of salt-water transport systems. Sea Travel Generic secretarial skills. Secretarial and Typing skills The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to uphold and defend the structure and authority of the state. Security Policy The study of sera and blood related products. Serology The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of ships and boats. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Shipbuilding The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of floating vessels. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Ship Design The study of mechanical self propulsion in floating vessels. Ship Propulsion Engineering Study of shorthand writing and transcription back into normal English. Shorthand and Shorthand Transcription The craft of creating artefacts using the materials of silver and gold. Silversmithing/Goldsmithing The branch of Anthropology that deals with social phenomena such as kinship systems or beliefs. Social and Cultural Anthropology The study of social stratification. Social Hierarchy The interpretation of the underlying processes of change in society. Includes the study of the growth and development of societies in history. Social History Political doctrine that espouses social organisation of society based on co-operation, collectivism, egalitarianism and the communal ownership of the means of production. Socialism Consideration of philosophical questions about an individual's responsibility and obligations to society. Social Philosophy The study of the policies of institutions which are designed to modify the balance of sociological factors. Social Policy Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Social Policy and Administration categories. To be used sparingly Social Policy not elsewhere classified The study of the behaviour of individuals in society. Social Psychology Social studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Social studies categories. To be used sparingly. Social studies not elsewhere classified The study of the concept of social behaviour. Social Theory The study of the organised means of providing basic support services for vulnerable/under-privileged individuals an or groups. Social Work Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Social Work categories. To be used sparingly. Social Work not elsewhere classified The study of the inter-relationship between sociological and economic factors. Socio-economics The study of socially-conditioned factors in language and language use. Sociolinguistics The systematic study of human social institutions and social relationships. Sociology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Sociology categories. To be used sparingly. Sociology not elsewhere classified The study of the influence of new scientific and technological developments on society. Sociology of Science and Technology The study of/training in the creation of soft furnishing items. Soft Furnishing Concerned with the design of computer instruction sets to satisfy the requirements of specific operational problems. Software Design The study of techniques and principles for the design, construction, testing and maintenance of computer programs to satisfy the requirements of specific operational problems. Software Engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Software Engineering categories. To be used sparingly. Software Engineering not elsewhere classified The study of the physical, chemical and biological processes which explain soil behaviour. Soil as an Agricultural medium The study of the properties of soils and the processes involved in their formation and distribution. Soil Science The study of the mechanical and static properties of solids. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Solid Mechanics Study of the structure of solids and the explanation of their properties. Solid state Physics Historical studies of South and Latin America. South American History The study of South Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. South Asian Language studies The study of South Asian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. South Asian Literature studies The study of South Asian society and culture. South Asian Society and Culture studies The study of South Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of South Asian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. South Asian studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other South Asian studies categories. To be used sparingly. South Asian studies not elsewhere classified Historical studies of South East Asia. South East Asian History Historical studies of Southern Africa including South Africa. Southern African History The study of the solar system and evaluation of physical measurements from space. Space and Planetary Sciences The physical science study of space beyond the solar system. Space Science The study of the Spanish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Spanish Language The study of the Spanish language, specific to its structure, history, grammar and use in countries other than Spain. Spanish Languages in other countries The study of the structure, development, spread and acquisition of the languages of the Spanish-speaking peoples. Spanish Linguistics The study of Spanish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Spanish Literature The study of Spanish society and culture. Spanish Society and Culture The study of the Spanish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Spanish culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Spanish studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Spanish studies categories. To be used sparingly. Spanish studies not elsewhere classified The study of principles and techniques for the computer-based modelling and simulation of the human use of language. Speech and Natural Language Processing The study of the anatomy and physiology of the human speech organs, their function and malfunction, and related environmental and behavioural topics. Speech Science The study of the provision of funds for an activity or charity in order to gain publicity. Sponsorship The scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, biomechanics and psychology of the human body with a view to optimising performance in sporting activities. Sports Science The specific techniques involved in the development of an organisation's human resources. Staff Development The study of the design of sets and scenery for use in theatres, film and television. Stage Design The study of/training in the management of lighting, props, scenery and other technical items associated with theatrical performances. Stage Management The use of statistical techniques in the modelling and simulation of 'real-world' systems or processes. Statistical Modelling The study of the collection and analysis of numerical data. Statistics Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Statistics categories. To be used sparingly. Statistics not elsewhere classified The mathematical study of systems and processes involving variables subject to random variations. Stochastic Processes The archaeology of the period of human culture characterised by the making and use of stone implements and artefacts. Stone Age The craft of creating decorative and functional items from stone. May include dry-stone walling. Stone Crafts The techniques involved in the formation and implementation of a strategy within an organisation. Strategic Management The study of strategies designed to promote and defend the autonomy and interests of a country within the international community. Strategic studies Determination and analysis of chemical structures. Structural Chemistry The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design and construction of physical shapes and forms. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Structural Engineering The study of the equilibrium and motion of structures either of themselves or influenced by forces outside them. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Structural Mechanics The study of individual learning ability and techniques with the aim of improving their efficacy and efficiency. Study skills Subjects allied to Medicine Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Subjects Allied to Medicine categories. To be used sparingly. Subjects Allied to Medicine not elsewhere classified The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of ships which float on or under the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Submarine Building The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of ships which float on or under the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Submarine Design The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the language of the Sumer civilisation which bears no known relationship to any other language. Sumerian The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of combat ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Surface Combat Ship Building The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of combat ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Surface Combat Ship Design The study of all crafts which involve changing the appearance of objects by adding ornament or colour to their outer layer. Surface Decoration The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of freight-carrying ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Surface Freight Ship Building The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of freight-carrying ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Surface Freight Ship Design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of passenger-carrying ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Surface Passenger Ship Building The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of passenger-carrying ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Surface Passenger Ship Design The study and practice of measuring altitudes, angles and distances on the land surface so that they can be accurately plotted on a map. May include the use of satellite information. Includes the setting out on the ground the positions of proposed structures. Surveying Science The study of the Swedish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Swedish Language The study of Swedish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Swedish Literature The study of Swedish society and culture. Swedish Society and Culture The study of the principles and techniques for the design and implementation of large-scale computer systems. Systems Analysis and Design Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Systems, Analysis and Design categories. To be used sparingly. Systems Analysis and Design not elsewhere classified The study and development of techniques for inspecting, correcting and verifying information systems. Systems Auditing The study of standard methodologies for the design of large-scale computer systems. Systems Design Methodologies The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to an assembly of electrical, electronic and mechanical components with interdependent functions. Systems Engineering The conversion of raw hide into leather. Tanning The study of the rules and operations of taxation systems. Taxation The training of others to use non-standard methods to teach English to people whose first language is not English. Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) Technologies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Technology categories. To be used sparingly. Technologies not elsewhere classified The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the telephonic or telegraphic communication of audio, video or other information (e.g. data) by means of radio waves, optical or electrical signals. Telecommunications Engineering The study of the organisation and presentation of events on television. Television Production The study of communication between people through television. May involve study of the television industry, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the production of the artwork and ideas themselves. Television studies The development of textiles from chemical compounds. Textile Chemistry The study of/training in the design of textiles. Textile Design The use and development of textiles. Textiles Technology The study of the craft of traditional roofing using straw, reeds or similar materials. Thatching The study of the design of theatres and theatre productions. Theatre Design The study of the technical aspects of theatrical performances. Theatre studies The study of/training in the application of make-up and/or face and body paints for theatrical performances. Theatrical Make-up The study of/training in the design of costumes for theatrical performances. Theatrical Wardrobe Design Includes study of the Old and New Testaments, the apocryphal writings and patristic exegesis. The Bible and Christian texts Interpretation of doctrinal concepts such as faith, revelation and grace. Theology The study of the nature of divinity and of beliefs in their social context. Theology and Religious studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Theology and Religious studies categories. To be used sparingly. Theology and Religious studies not elsewhere classified Includes study of the Qu'ran (Koran) and interpretation of Sharia. The Qu'ran and Islamic texts The study of the interrelationship and interconversion of different forms of energy. Includes the study of the effects of pressure, temperature etc. May also be called Heat Exchange Technology. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Thermodynamics Includes study of the Torah and Talmudic interpretation. The Torah and Judaic texts The craft of creating decorative and functional tiles from clay and ceramic materials. Tile Making The study of hardwood and softwood timber products. May include the different uses of wood products. May also include the suitability of certain trees for certain uses. Timber Production The description of the Earth's surface features and their mapping and surveying. Topography The study of civil wrongs and injuries. Torts The study of the tourism, transport and travel industry. Tourism, Transport and Travel Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Tourism, Transport and Travel categories. To be used sparingly. Tourism, Transport and Travel not elsewhere classified The study of the nature, source, identification and characteristics of poisons, toxic substances, and exogenous chemical agents and their effects on human tissues and systems. Toxicology The study of specific techniques involved in teaching within a business environment. Training Methods The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to a third party. Training Teachers The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 7 to 9 inclusive. Training Teachers - (key stage 3) The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 10 to 11 inclusive. Training Teachers - (key stage 4) The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to adults. May include teaching of management training techniques, restructuring of teaching methods to take account of part-time study etc. Training Teachers - Adult Education The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to sportsmen and women. Training Teachers - Coaching The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people in education years 12 to 13 inclusive. Training Teachers - Further Education The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people registered on a higher education course. Training Teachers - Higher Education The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 1 and 2 inclusive. Training Teachers - Infant (key stage 1) The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 3 to 6 inclusive. Training Teachers - Junior (key stage 2) Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Training Teachers categories. To be used sparingly. Training Teachers not elsewhere classified The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to pre-school children. Training Teachers - Nursery The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 1 to 6 inclusive. Training Teachers - Primary The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 7 to 11 inclusive. Training Teachers - Secondary The training of others to use non-standard methods to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people with particular learning requirements. Training Teachers - Specialist The training of others to use non-standard methods to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people with special needs. Training Teachers - Special Needs The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people above school year 11. Training Teachers - Tertiary The study, analysis and interpretation of the techniques of translation from one language into another. Translation studies The study, analysis and interpretation of the processes of translation from one language into another. Translation theory The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the planning, development and construction of the routes for any form of terrestrial transport. Transport Engineering The study of the influence of travel and transport on populations and the environment. Transport Geography The study of the optimal methods of mass distribution services. Transport Logistics The development and management of transportation systems. Transport Planning The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to provide for the transportation needs of a society. Transport Policy The study of the organisation and management of transport systems. Transport Studies The specific study of the travel industry, its structure, regulation and distribution methods. Travel Management The study of the process of assimilating nutrient materials into tree tissue with the aim of understanding and providing the correct balance. Tree Nutrition The study of hardwood and softwood tree structure and how it is affected by disease. Studies include dissection and use of microscope slides. Also includes study at cellular level. Tree Physiology The study of growing and harvesting trees and the relationship of such tree production to its environment. Tree Production The particular study of the development of immunities in trees. Also includes the study of artificial barriers, preventative measures or exterminators for the animals/insects which attack them. Tree Protection The study of the most efficient way to grow hardwood and softwood trees for harvesting. Trees and Shrubs The study of the conversion of the kinetic energy of a moving fluid via a rotating blade into mechanical energy. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Turbine Technology The study of/training in the specific styles and genres of dance. Types of Dance The study of specific types and variants of musical genres. Types of Music The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques in the design and production of printed matter. Typography The examination of the nature, content, implications and role of the UK constitution in the UK system of government. UK Constitutional studies The examination of the structure and function of the UK system of government. UK Government/Parliamentary Studies The study of the law of the United Kingdom. UK Legal Systems The study of the policies of UK institutions which are designed to modify the balance of sociological factors. UK Social Policy The study of the tourist industry within the UK. UK Tourism The planning of the infrastructure and development of settlements, including new towns and the management of change. Urban and Rural Planning The study of the relationship between people and the environment in towns and cities. Urban Geography The planning of the infrastructure, development and management of settlement in towns. Urban Planning The interaction of the planning process and management policies on the built environment. Urban studies Historical studies of the United States of America. USA History The specific techniques involved in the valuation and auctioneering of property. Valuation and Auctioneering The study of the properties of vegetables. Includes the application of food sciences to vegetable-inclusive food systems. Vegetable Science The craft of bonding thin outer layers of wood, brass, ivory etc to items for decorative purposes. Veneering Covers the biochemical aspects of metabolic processes in animals. Veterinary Biochemistry The investigation of genetic abnormalities and their treatment in animals. Veterinary Genetics The study of the interactions between micro-organisms and their animal hosts. Veterinary Microbiology Vocational science concerning the practical care of sick, injured and/or infirm animals. Veterinary Nursing The study of the prevention of the spread of disease from animals to man. Veterinary Public Health Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture and related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly. Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture and related subjects not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Veterinary Sciences categories. To be used sparingly. Veterinary Sciences not elsewhere classified The study of periodic motion about an equilibrium position. Vibration The study of viruses and viral diseases. Virology The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to computer-generated environments. Virtual Reality Engineering The study of/training in the production of special visual and/or audio effects in the production of moving image sequences. Visual and Audio Effects The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques in design to impart information. Visual Communication The examination of the procedures and processes that contribute to war or peace. War & Peace studies The study of engineering structures and fluid mechanics with particular emphasis on improving and maintaining water supplies and the disposal of waste water. May include considerations of health, hygiene and recreational use. Water Quality Control The study of fresh and salt water, its use commercially, domestically and recreationally. Includes the conservation of water. Also includes the study of drought, flood and the water cycle. Water Resource Management The craft of interweaving fibres of material, such as cotton, wool, etc. Weaving The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to provide support for vulnerable and under-privileged members of society. Welfare Policy The study of the history, grammar and use of Welsh. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Welsh Historical studies of Wales. Welsh History The study of the law of Wales. Welsh Law The study of literature originally written in Welsh. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Welsh Literature Historical studies of West Africa. West African History The study of the conservation of wild, uninhabited and uncultivated and for aesthetic, recreational or scientific purposes. Wilderness Management The study of the role and influence of women in society. Women's Studies The study of all crafts which involve the use of wood as a source material. Wood Crafts Historical studies considered globally. World History The study of Social Work services aimed at support of vulnerable/under-privileged youths in society. Youth Work The scientific study of all aspects of animal biology: their reproduction, development, physiology, behaviour, mechanics of locomotion, diseases and interactions with the environment. Zoology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Zoology categories. To be used sparingly. Zoology not elsewhere classified